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Polyandry in fish
Polyandry in fish is a mating system where females mate with multiple males within one mating season.〔Simmons, L. W., Beveridge, M. & Evans, J. P. Molecular evidence for multiple paternity in a feral population of green swordtails. The Journal of heredity 99, 610–5 (2008).〕 This type of mating exists in a variety of animal species. 〔 Polyandry has been found in both oviparous and viviparous bony fish and sharks. 〔Portnoy, D. S., Piercy, A. N., Musick, J. a, Burgess, G. H. & Graves, J. E. Genetic polyandry and sexual conflict in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Molecular ecology 16, 187–97 (2007).〕 General examples of polyandry occur in fish species, such as green swordtails 〔 and Trinidadian guppies.〔Barbosa, M., Dornelas, M. & Magurran, a E. Effects of polyandry on male phenotypic diversity. Journal of evolutionary biology 23, 2442–52 (2010).〕 Specific types of polyandry have also been classified, such as classical polyandry in pipefish 〔 Coleman, S. W. & Jones, A. G. Patterns of multiple paternity and maternity in fishes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 103, 735–760 (2011).〕 cooperative polyandry in cichlids 〔Avise, J. C., Jones, A. G., Walker, D. & DeWoody, J. A. Genetic mating systems and reproductive natural histories of fishes: lessons for ecology and evolution. Annual review of genetics 36, 19–45 (2002).〕 and convenience polyandry in sharks.〔Griffiths, A. M. et al. First analysis of multiple paternity in an oviparous shark, the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula L.). The Journal of heredity 103, 166–73 (2012).〕
==Examples==
Poeciliids are freshwater live-bearing fish and internal fertilizers that are able to store sperm for months, setting the stage for sperm competition and allowing female cryptic sperm choice.〔 These Poeciliid species include green swordtails, ''Xiphophorus helleri'' 〔 and Trinidadian guppies, ''Poecilia reticulata''.〔 When females mate promiscuously and copulate with multiple males, the interests of the sexes may differ, leading to sexual conflict. These conflicts include mating and fertilization frequency, parental efforts, and power struggles between male and female dominance.〔Zeh, J. A. & Zeh, D. W. Current Issues – Perspectives and Reviews. Toward a new sexual selection paradigm: polyandry, conflict, and incompatibility. Conflict 950, 929–950 (2003).〕
The Trinidadian guppy, ''Poecilia reticulata'' has a resource-free mating system, meaning males do not provide during mating or defend their territories against other males.〔Evans, J. P. & Magurran, a E. Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 10074–6 (2000).〕 Guppies demonstrate one of the highest levels of female multiple mating in the fish species. Females tend to copulate with multiple males to ensure that males with strongly competitive sperm have increased paternity rates.〔Evans, J. P. & Gasparini, C. The genetic basis of female multiple mating in a polyandrous livebearing fish. Ecology and evolution 3, 61–6 (2012).〕 Females who engage in polyandry obtain certain advantages such as shorter gestation times, larger broods, and the production of offspring with better phenotypes and abilities.〔 Females prefer phenotypically bright colored males that are usually orange, red, yellow, or blue. Male offspring from polyandrous mating tend to be more colorful than offspring from monogamous mating, which contain more black spots rather than multiple colors. Brightly colored males tend to display stronger sigmoidal displays,〔 correlating sperm production rate with courtship intensity and body size.〔 Offspring were more phenotypically diverse than their parents, suggesting a diversified selection that allows offspring to cope better with the environment and have variability in mating.〔 However, there are also costs associated with polyandry. Placental fish ''Heterandria formosa'' offspring from females who mate with multiple males, have a longer maturation time, leading to potentially higher levels of fatality in slower developing offspring.〔Ala-Honkola, O., Friman, E. & Lindström, K. Costs and benefits of polyandry in a placental poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa are in accordance with the parent-offspring conflict theory of placentation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24, 2600–10 (2011).〕
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